Offroad Legends APK Free Download

Drive the most amazing offroad vehicles in this extreme hill climbing madness!
Crash the barriers and fly above bottomless chasms with Monster Trucks, 4x4 off-roaders and six wheeled Behemoths!

"Offroad Legends brings a lot of fun." - Appgefahren.de

Game features:
• Four car categories (Monsters, 4x4 off-roaders, Behemoths, Fun cars)
• Three game modes
• Gorgeous graphics
• 56 challenging tracks
• Real-time vehicle deformation
• Mind blowing physics
• Optimized for Intel x86 devices!
• Xperia PLAY gamepad support
• Game Services leaderboards and achievements

Use your best skills to beat the most mind blowing tracks in this physics based racing game and be the ultimate Offroad Driver!

Fasten your seatbelts, get off the road, it's gonna be a tough ride!

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Sheila Miguez and Will Kahn-Greene and their love for the Python Community: Community Service Award Quarter 3 2016 Winners

There are two elements which make Open Source function:

1. 
   Technology
   
   


2. 
   An active community.
   
   

The primary need for a successful community is a good contributor base. The contributors are our real heroes, who work persistently, on many (if not most) occasions without any financial benefits, just for the love of the community. The Python Community is blessed with many such heroes. The PSF's quarterly Community Service Award honors these heroes for their notable contributions and dedication to the Python ecosystem.

The PSF is delighted to give the 2016 Third Quarter Community Service Award to Sheila Miguez and Will Kahn-Greene:

Sheila Miguez and William Kahn-Greene for their monumental work in creating and supporting PyVideo over the years.

Community Service Award for 3rd Quarter

Will Kahn-Greene

Taken by Erik Rose, June 2016

The PSF funds a variety of conferences and workshops throughout the year worldwide to educate people about Python. But, not everyone can attend all of these events. Two people, Sheila Miguez and Will Kahn-Greene wanted to resolve this problem for the Pythonistas. Will came up with a brilliant idea of PyVideo and Sheila later joined the mission. PyVideo works as the warehouse of videos from Python conferences, local user groups, screencasts, and tutorials.

The Dawn of PyVideo

Back in 2010, Will started a Python video site using the Miro Community video-sharing platform. PSF encouraged his work with an $1800 grant the following year. As Will recalls, "I was thinking there were a bunch of Python conferences putting out video, but they were hosting the videos in different places. Search engines weren't really finding it. It was hard to find things even if you knew where to look." He started with Miro Community, and later wrote a whole new codebase for generating the data and another codebase for the front end of the website.

With these tools he started PyVideo.org. "This new infrastructure let me build a site closer to what I was envisioning."

When Sheila joined the project she contributed both to its technology and by helping the community find Python videos easier. Originally, she intended to only work on the codebase, but found herself dedicating a lot of time to adding content to the site.

What is PyVideo?

PyVideo is a repository that indexes and links to thousands of Python videos. It also provides a website pyvideo.org where people can browse the collection, which is more than 5000 Python videos and growing. The goals for PyVideo are:

1.  Help people get to Python presentations easier and faster


2.  Focus on education


3.  Data collection and categorization.


4.  Aim to give people an easy, enjoyable experience contributing to open source on PyVideo's GitHub repo

The Community Response

The Python community has welcomed Will and Sheila's noble endeavor enthusiastically. Pythonistas around the world never have to miss another recorded talk or tutorial. Sheila and Will worked relentlessly to give shape to their mammoth task. When I asked Will about the community’s response, he said, "Many learned Python by watching videos they found on pyvideo.org. Many had ideas for different things we could do with the site and other related projects. I talked with some folks who later contributed fixes and corrections to the data."

Will and Sheila worked on pyvideo.org only in their spare time, but it has became a major catalyst in the growth of the Python community worldwide. According to Will, pyvideo.org has additional, under publicized benefits:

• 
  PyVideo is a primary source to survey diversity trends among Python conference speakers around the globe.
  
  


• 
  Since its videos are solely Python, it is easily searchable and provides more helpful results than other search engines.
  
  


• 
  It offers a preview of conferences: By watching past talks people can choose if they want to go.
  
  

PyVideo : The End?

With a blog post Will and Sheila announced the end of pyvideo.org. "I'm pretty tired of working on pyvideo and I haven't had the time or energy to do much on it in a while," Will wrote.

Though they were shutting down the site, they never wanted to lose or waste the valuable data. Will says, "In February 2016 or so, Sheila and I talked about the state of things and I just felt bad about everything. So we decided to focus on extracting the data from PyVideo and make sure that even if the site didn't live on, the data did. We wrote a bunch of tools and

infrastructure for a community of people to add to, improve and otherwise work on the data. We figured someone could take the data and build a static site around it." Will did a blog post about the status of the data of pyvideo.org, and invited new maintainers to replace the site.

The end of pyvideo.org broke the hearts of many Pythonistas, including Paul Logston. Paul’s mornings used to begin by watching a talk on the site, and he couldn't renounce his morning entertainment.  He resolved to replace pyvideo.org. To begin, he wrote his project called "PyTube" for storing videos. Though initially his interest was personal, its educational outreach aspect drove him to finish and publicize the project. Sheila remembers noticing Paul for the first time when she noticed his fork of the pyvideo data repository. She was excited to see that he'd already built a static site generator based on PyVideo data. She read Paul’s development philosophy and felt he was the right person to carry on the mission.

In May 2016, at PyCon US,  there was a lightning talk on PyVideo and its situation. Paul met some fellow PyVideo followers who, just like him, did not want to lose the site. They decided to work on it during the Sprints. Though the structure of the website was ready, there were a lot of things that needed to be done like data gathering, curating data, and the design of the website. So, the contributors divided the works between them.

Both Sheila and Will were committed to PyVideo's continued benefit for the community, while passing PyVideo to new hands. They were satisfied by Paul's work and transferred the domain to his control. Paul's PyTube code became the replacement of pyvideo.org on August 13, 2016.

Emergence of the Successor : The Present Status of PyVideo

Now the project has 30 contributors, with Paul serving as project lead. These contributors have kept the mission alive. Though PyVideo's aim is still the same, there is a difference in its technology. The old Django app is replaced with a static site generated with Pelican, and it now has a separate repository for data in JSON files. The team's current work emphasizes making the project hassle-free to maintain.

Listen to Paul talking about PyVideo and its future on Talk Python to Me.

The Wings to Fly

Every community needs someone with a vision for its future. Will and Sheila had showed us a path to grow and help the community. It is now our responsibility to take the new PyVideo further. Paul describes its purpose beautifully: "PyVideo's deeper 'why' is the desire to make educating oneself as easy, affordable, and available as possible." Contributors: please come and join the project, give a hand to Paul and the team to help move this great endeavor forward.

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How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card or Other Payment Method

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card

Millions of people have this question as how to create an Apple ID without entering their Credit Cards detail in Apples System?.Its because they are scared of being hacked by some unethical person as several instances have occurred in the past few years where big companies like apple were reported to be hacked with passwords and credit card number shown in the systems.

A few years ago, linking a credit card to an Apple account was mandatory. But Apple has changed its stance and has been letting users create an Apple ID without a credit card for a while now.Having an Apple ID is a prerequisite to do just about anything related to Apple services. If you want to buy music on iTunes, download apps in the App Store,Reinstall OS X or use iCloud, you must have an Apple ID

Whatever your reason might be to do so, I am going to show you how to create an Apple ID without a credit card.

Note that if you don’t link a credit card or other payment method to your Apple ID, you will obviously not be able to complete purchases, but you will however be able to download free content, such as free apps, free music or free books.

The main reason of writing this post is, while creating Apple ID it asks to set up a payment method where you have the option to provide Credit/Debit card details or use Paypal, Redeem a gift certificate or select None as a payment method for the free Apple ID,sometimes this option of selecting None is not available or not shown or the option none is there, but after you select next, it loops you to the top of the screen and nothing happens. It also says "For assistance, contact iTunes Support" or "Please contact iTunes support to complete this transaction"

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

Solutions: This issue of not showing None option as a payment method or looping you to the same payment method screen is always resulted when you are using an existing or old Apple ID that you have already created before either on a windows PC or otherwise and did not set up payment method.As per the Apple there could be following major reasons of not showing None when editing your Apple ID payment information.

Why can’t I select None when I edit my Apple ID payment information?

You might not be able to see or select the None payment option for one of these reasons. If you don't want to use a credit card, you can use another form of payment, such as a gift card.

1. If you have an unpaid balance or payment due

You cant select None as your payment type until you pay your balance. To see which order you need to pay for, view your purchase history on a Mac or PC. When you sign in to the store, you might see a message that there was a billing issue with your last order. Click the Billing Info button to see the order.
After you pay for the order, you can change your payment information to None.


2. If you're using the iTunes Store or App Store for the first time

If you're using the store for the first time with an existing Apple ID, you must provide a payment method. After you create the account, you can change your payment information to None.
If you're creating a new Apple ID, you might be able to create an account without entering your credit card details.

3. If you changed your country or region

When you change the country or region of an existing Apple ID, you must provide a payment method and update your billing options. If you want to remove your payment method after you change the country or region, you can change your payment information to None.


4. If you're a part of Family Sharing

When you set up Family Sharing, the family organizer must provide a payment method. If your family includes a child account, the family organizer must use a credit card as the payment method. This payment method will be used for all purchases initiated by family members and can only be changed by the family organizer.

Create an Apple ID for iTunes Store, App Store, or iBooks Store account without a credit card or other payment method

If you already have an Apple ID

If you've already created your Apple ID, you'll need to add a payment method when you first use it to sign in to the iTunes Store, App Store, or iBooks Store. But you can optionally remove the payment method after you sign in to the store. You wont be asked for a payment method again until you make your first purchase.

If you don't have an Apple ID

If you haven't created your Apple ID, follow the steps below to create one and a store account at the same time, without adding a payment method.

On an iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch

1. Open the App Store, iTunes Store, or iBooks Store.
   
   

   

   How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

2. Choose any free app, song, video, or book.

   

   How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

3. Tap Get next to the item, then tap again to get it.

   

   How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

4. When youre asked to sign in with an Apple ID, tap Create New Apple ID.

   

   How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

5. Follow the onscreen instructions. When you're asked for payment information, choose None. See what to do if None isn't showing or you cant select it.

   

   How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

6. Even though you are creating the account without choosing a credit card, Apple still requires you to enter your name, address and phone number. You can always enter the address and phone number of your school. Scroll down and enter your name, address and phone number, then tap "Next".

   

   How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?
7. After you enter all of the information required, you'll be asked to verify your Apple ID by email. Apple will send you a confirmation email to the email address you provided. Check your emails and click the “Verify” link in the email Apple sent you, then log in using your newly created username (your email address) and password.
8. Finally, go back to the App Store application, and sign in your new account.

You should now be able to download free content from Apple. If you ever try to download paid content though, Apple will ask you to update your payment information and provide a credit card.

If you use Family Sharing, and you’re the family organizer, you can’t set your payment information to None. You'll need to use a credit card or debit card.

On a Mac or PC

1. Open iTunes, then go to the iTunes Store by clicking the iTunes Store button at the top of the window.

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

2. Scroll down and find the country flag in the lower-right corner of the window. If its not the flag of the country where you live, click it and choose your country or region.

Select Language

3. Go to the App Store, Music, TV Shows, or Books section of the store by clicking on one of the icons in the upper-left corner.

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

4. Download a free app, song, video, or book. To find free items, look in the right column of the window and click any link that includes the word "Free," such as "Free on iTunes" or "Top Free." When you find a free item, click Get beneath its icon.

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

5. When youre asked to sign in with an Apple ID, click Create Apple ID.

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

6. Follow the onscreen instructions. When youre asked for payment information, choose None as the payment type. See what to do if None isnt showing or you cant select it.

How to Create an Apple ID without Credit Card?

7. After you enter all of the information required, youll be asked to verify your Apple ID by email. You must verify your Apple ID before you can begin using it. D

In worst scenario where the None option is still not available try following options.

1. Leave the payment method to default VISA and enter a gift card code and your address then click next it will fail but the NONE option will appear the next time , Select none and click next and you are DONE. It worked for some people as claimed on apple support forum.

"it says you can use a itunes voucher in the end I bought a £15.00 itunes voucher and inputted the code and it let me complete my account set up and start to download apps and music.  When I then went back into my account details (after completing the set up) the "none" option had appeared, that's something apple needs to look at, why isn't the "none" option available from the start?"



2. Provide your Credit/Debit Card details, download a free app and then login to https://appleid.apple.com/us/ go to modify the payment information. At this point the none option will be available and you would be able to select this and clear the visa card information.

3. Clear your browsers Caches and Cookies delete history and then try to create a new Apple ID with the Email ID you never ever have tried registering/using your preferred apple id/e-mail address.

Thanks for Reading.

Like us On Facebook, or Follow on Twitter.

Do Comment if You Have Any.

<----------------------------End of Article------------------------>

Source of Information: www. apple .com

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"Weapons of Math Destruction" by Cathy O'Neil

In a 1947 lecture on computing machinery, Alan Turing made a prediction: "The new machines will in no way replace thought, but rather they will increase the need for it."



Someday, he said, machines would think for themselves, but the computers of the near future would require human supervision to prevent malfunctions:

"The intention in constructing these machines in the first instance is to treat them as slaves, giving them only jobs which have been thought out in detail, jobs such that the user of the machine fully understands in principle what is going on all the time." ¹

It is unclear now whether machines remain slaves, or if they are beginning to be masters. Machine-learning algorithms pervasively control the lives of Americans. We do not fully understand what they do, and when they malfunction they harm us, by reinforcing the unjust systems we already have. Usually unintentionally, they can make the lives of poor people and people of color worse.



In "Weapons of Math Destruction", Cathy O'Neil identifies such an algorithm as a "WMD" if it satisfies three criteria: it makes decisions of consequence for a large number of people, it is opaque and unaccountable, and it is destructive. I interviewed O'Neil to learn what data scientists should do to disarm these weapons.

Automated Injustice

Recidivism risk models are a striking example of algorithms that reinforce injustice. These algorithms purport to predict how likely a convict is to commit another crime in the next few years. The model described in O'Neil's book, called LSI-R, assesses offenders with 54 questions, then produces a risk score based on correlations between each offender's characteristics and the characteristics of recidivists and non-recidivists in a sample population of offenders.



Some of LSI-R's factors measure the offender's past behavior: Has she ever been expelled from school, or violated parole? But most factors probably aren't under the individual's control: Does she live in a high-crime neighborhood? Is she poor? And many factors are not under her control at all: Has a family member been convicted of any crimes? Did her parents raise her with a "rewarding" parenting style?

Studies of LSI-R show it gives worse scores to poor black people. Some of its questions directly measure poverty, and others (such as frequently changing residence) are proxies for poverty. LSI-R does not know the offender's race. It would be illegal to ask, but, O'Neil writes, "with the wealth of detail each prisoner provides, that single illegal question is almost superfluous." For example, it asks the offender's age when he was first involved with the police. O'Neil cites a 2013 New York Civil Liberties Union study that young black and Hispanic men were ten times as likely to be stopped by the New York City police, even though only a tiny fraction were doing anything criminal.



So far, the LSI-R does not automatically become destructive. If it is accurate, and used for benign choices like spending more time treating and counselling offenders with high risk scores, it could do some good. But in many states, judges use the LSI-R and models like it to decide how long the offender's sentence should be. This is not LSI-R's intended use, and it is certainly not accurate enough for it: a study this year found that LSI-R misclassified 41% of offenders. ²

Success, According to Whom?

O'Neil told me that whether an algorithm becomes a WMD depends on who defines success, and according to whom. "Over and over again, people act as if there's only one set of stakeholders."



When a recidivism risk model is used to sentence someone to a longer prison term, the sole stakeholder respected is law enforcement. "Law enforcement cares more about true positives, correctly identifying someone who will reoffend and putting them in jail for longer to keep them from committing another crime." But our society has a powerful interest in preventing false positives. Indeed, we were founded on a constitution that considered a false positive—that is, being punished for a crime you did not commit—to be extremely costly. Principles including the presumption of innocence, the requirement that guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt, and so on, express our desire to avoid unjust punishment, even at the cost of some criminals being punished too little or going free.



However, this interest is ignored when an offender is punished for a bad LSI-R score. His total sentence accounts not only for the crime he committed, but also for future crimes he is thought likely to commit. Furthermore, he is punished for who he is: Being related to a criminal or being raised badly are circumstances of birth, but for many people facing sentencing, such circumstances are used to add years to their time behind bars.

Statistically Unsound

Cathy O'Neil says weapons of math destruction are usually caused by two failures. The first is when only one stakeholder's interests define success. LSI-R is an example of this. The other is a lack of actual science in data science. For these algorithms, she told me, "We actually don't have reasonable ways of checking to see whether something is working or not."



A New York City public school program begun in 2007 assessed teachers with a "value added model", which estimated how much a teacher affected each student's progress on standardized tests. To begin, the model forecast students' progress, given their neighborhood, family income, previous achievement, and so on. At the end of the year their actual progress was compared to the forecast, and the difference was attributed to the teacher's effectiveness. O'Neil tells the story of Tim Clifford, a public school teacher who scored only 6 out of 100 the first year he was assessed, then 96 out of 100 the next year. O'Neil writes, "Attempting to score a teacher's effectiveness by analyzing the test results of only twenty-five or thirty students is statistically unsound, even laughable." One analysis of the assessment showed that a quarter of teachers' scores swung by 40 points in a year. Another showed that, with such small samples, the margin of error made half of all teachers statistically indistinguishable.



Nevertheless, the score might determine if the teacher was given a bonus, or fired. Although its decision was probabilistic, appealing it required conclusive evidence. O'Neil points out that time and again, "the human victims of WMDs are held to a higher standard of evidence than the algorithms themselves." The model is math so it is presumed correct, and anyone who objects to its scores is suspect.



New York Governor Andrew Cuomo put a moratorium on these teacher evaluations in 2015. We are starting to see that some questions require too subtle an intelligence for our current algorithms to answer accurately. As Alan Turing said, "If a machine is expected to be infallible, it cannot also be intelligent."

Responsible Data Science

I asked Cathy O'Neil about the responsibilities of data scientists, both in their daily work and as reformers of their profession. Regarding daily work, O'Neil drew a sharp line: "I don't want data scientists to be de facto policy makers." Rather, their job is to explain to policy makers the moral tradeoffs of their choices. The same as any programmer gathers requirements before coding a solution, data scientists should gather requirements regarding the relative cost of different kinds of errors. Machine learning algorithms are always imperfect, but they can be tweaked for either more false positives or more false negatives. When the stakes are high, the choice between the two is a moral one. Data scientists must pose these questions frankly to policy makers, says O'Neil, and "translate moral decisions into code."



Tradeoffs in the private sector often pit corporate interests against human ones. This is especially dangerous to the poor because, as O'Neil writes, "The privileged are processed more by people, the masses by machines." She told me that when the boss asks for an algorithm that optimizes for profit, it is the data scientist's duty to mention that the algorithm should also consider fairness.



"Weapons of Math Destruction" tells us how to recognize a WMD once it is built. But how can we predict whether an algorithm will become a WMD? O'Neil told me, "The biggest warning sign is if you're choosing winners and losers, and if it's a big deal for losers to lose. If it's an important decision and it's a secret formula, then that's a set-up for a weapon of math destruction. The only other ingredient you need in that setup is actually making it destructive."

Reform

Cathy O'Neil says the top priority, for data scientists who want to disarm WMDs, is to develop tools for analyzing them. For example, any EU citizen harmed by an algorithmic decision may soon have the legal right to an explanation, but so far we lack the tools to provide one. We also need tools to measure disparate impact and unfairness. O'Neil says, "We need tools to decide whether an algorithm is being racist."



New data scientists should enter the field with better training in ethics. Curricula usually ignore questions of justice, as if the job of the data scientist were purely technical. Data-science contests like Kaggle also encourage this view, says O'Neil. "Kaggle has defined the success and the penalty function. The hard part of data science is everything that happens before Kaggle." O'Neil wants more case studies from the field, anonymized so students can learn from them how data science is really practiced. It would be an opportunity to ask: When an algorithm makes a mistake, who gets hurt?



If data scientists take responsibility for the effects of their work, says O'Neil, they will become activists. "I'm hoping the book, at the very least, gets people to acknowledge the power that they're wielding," she says, "and how it could be used for good or bad. The very first thing we have to realize is that well-intentioned people can make horrible mistakes."

---

1. Quoted in "Alan Turing: The Enigma", by Andrew Hodges. Princeton University Press. ↩



2. See also ProPublica's analysis of bias in a similar recidivism model, COMPAS. ↩

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Happy Holidays and Thank You!

Happy Holidays from the Python Software Foundation!

The holiday season gets us thinking about all that we have accomplished over the past year and about those we are grateful for. This year we have kept the mission of the PSF alive by planning conferences, promoted diversity outreach, organizing workshops, and granting community service awards. We look forward to keeping it going in the year ahead!

The PSF would not be what it is today without the help of our generous sponsors. The PSF is the non-profit legal entity that holds and protects the intellectual property rights behind Python, keeping it free and open for all to use. Our sponsors' financial support aids in the PSF’s mission to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language. In addition to enabling the PSF to organize events and award grants, it allows key Python developers to focus their energy on Python development rather than on legal matters. And, donations are tax-deductible for organizations that pay taxes in the United States!

Thank you to our newest sponsors in 2016!

• 
  1Korting.com -  Iron Sponsor @1Kortingscode
  
  


• 
  Acties.nl - Iron Sponsor @acties_nl
  
  


• 
  Blanc Limited - Iron Sponsor @blancltd
  
  


• 
  HostingFacts.com - Bronze Sponsor @hostfacts
  
  


• 
  Newlogic - Iron Sponsor
  
  


• 
  Odoo Community Association - Iron Sponsor, @OdooCommunity
  
  


• 
  Open Data Services - Iron Sponsor, @opendatacoop
  
  


• 
  Saleduck - Iron Sponsor @SaleduckCOM
  
  


• 
  StickerMule - Iron Sponsor @stickermule
  
  


• 
  Webucator, Inc. - Copper Sponsor @webucator
  
  


• 
  AirportRentals.com - Iron Level @airportrentcars
  
  


• 
  bespaardeals - Iron Level @BespaarDealsNL
  
  

In addition to our new sponsors, trusted sponsors like FusionBox keep great events like PyConUS going. We would not be able to do it without them.

To learn more about Sponsor levels and the benefits of becoming a sponsor, check out our Sponsor Info page. And finally, a huge thank you to all of our sponsors for their support throughout the years!

If you value what we do here at the PSF, please consider making a charitable donation by visiting our donations page.

Wishing everyone a safe and happy holiday season from all of us at PSF!

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How To Download and Install Any Android App and Game Without Google Playstore/ Gmail Account [Video Tutorial]

How To:

In This Video I'm going to show you how to download and install any Android application and game without Google playstore and Google account...
So, let's start

1# goto "settings/security" and enable "unknown source" option

2# now open default browser and goto Google.com

3# search for any application or game you want to download *and at the end of search just type ".apk"

*Tip# apk is a file which Android able to execute and run, like our windows run .exe files

4# find "apkmirror's" link from search results and open it.

5# download application from apkmirror's website

*Tip# before download it's good to know your mobile's Android version so let's see...

*# so I have Android 6.0.1, I will download apk file which minimum support my android version... Like if someone of you have Android 4.0, he have to download an apk which support 4.0 or blow...

6# install apk manually

*Tip# you can use this apk for future use... Now it's stored in you phone/SD storage...

* You also can share it with your friends via Bluetooth or any other resource

*Note# you also can download apk file from computer and install it by transfering to you phone to storage...

You can also Download APKs from out website by going Here

Video Tutorial:

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"Kurt Doesn't Drop The Ball": Thanks For Kurt Kaiser's 10 Years As PSF Treasurer

"We were all amateurs," recalls Guido van Rossum. In the early years of the Python Software Foundation, its founders were more interested in writing code than running a nonprofit. Guido says they only loosely tracked who had access to the bank account and who was responsible for filing paperwork on time. There were some close calls, and the foundation nearly missed some deadlines. That changed when Kurt Kaiser became treasurer, ten years ago. "Kurt straightened all that out."



When Kaiser took over the job, the PSF was a small foundation giving out a few thousand dollars a year in grants. The accounting was handed over to him without much explanation or support; he learned the system and grew it to what it is today. The PSF now awards dozens of grants a year totalling over a quarter million dollars. The foundation accepts money from PSF sponsors, PyCon sponsors, members, and donors; it provides financial aid to hundreds of conference attendees, covers Meetup.com fees, and acts as a fiscal sponsor to groups like PyLadies, lending its nonprofit status to these smaller organizations. Kaiser manages all these transactions. When processes become routine, he automates them with code. Board member Diana Clarke says, "He's more than just your typical treasurer; he's a developer plus treasurer."



Kurt Kaiser was a physicist throughout his career, and picked up Python as a hobby. His first great contribution was the code he wrote for IDLE, the development GUI that comes bundled with Python. At first he was a user and contributor to the project, but that changed in the wake of conflicts among its maintainers. "After the combatants of the IDLE war withdrew," says Guido, "Kurt became a lead developer. He had a much smoother personality." When the PSF needed a new treasurer, Kaiser was entrusted with the role. "He just got so into the cause," says Director of Operations Ewa Jodlowska. "He believed he was helping the greater good by helping the PSF."



This year alone, through the end of October, the PSF has awarded $260,000 to more than 50 entities. Kaiser administers this swelling stream of grants. The work is not all routine: a recent grant to PyCon CZ, for example, required special handling, because Czech bank account IDs have a different format than American accounts. Some grants pose extraordinary hurdles, like the PSF's support for a PyCon in Zimbabwe. Kaiser researched the United States' financial embargo of Zimbabwe, and the PSF concluded it could not sponsor the conference, but it could still lend support by sending a keynote speaker.



Each year, a new Board of Directors brings new ideas for funding Python advocacy, but these ideas can raise knotty questions about financial rules. According to Diana Clarke, it is tempting to balk at these complexities and simply say no, but Kaiser is always willing to research new options that meet the community's changing needs.



The PSF's mission is to advance the Python language, and increasingly it uses Python as a vehicle for promoting access to computer science for women, minorities, and members of underserved groups. For example, the PSF collects money on behalf of PyLadies, which allows them to operate under the PSF's nonprofit umbrella without going through all the paperwork. Clarke says, "The PyLadies auction raises money and then turns that around in the form of scholarships, and Kurt is the one who enables that. It's a nontrivial amount of work and it's very important."



The PyCon Financial Aid program is another way the PSF spends money to promote access to computer science. Guido van Rossum says, "What better use of that money, than to pay for people to come to the conference who couldn't otherwise come, people who are a good investment for the community?" The PSF awards $100,000 in scholarships to help people come to PyCon from all over the world. Kaiser administers these scholarships one-on-one: he disburses money, collects receipts, and receives conference write-ups from recipients.



When Diana Clarke worked with Kaiser at PyCon, she was struck at his singular role in the conference. He has to carry a briefcase of cash, and he manually writes hundreds of checks to ensure attendees receive their awards. Instead of being free to attend talks, Kaiser often sits in the hallway to be available when scholarship recipients need to pick up their money.



Kurt Kaiser is among the PSF's longest-serving officers. As Diana Clarke says, "He does so much for us, and most people don't have a lot of insight into what he does." On his tenth anniversary as treasurer, the PSF congratulates him and thanks him. From its early years as a small foundation through today, Kaiser has been a consistent and reliable steward of the organization's finances.  "For a long time Kurt was the only stable point," says Guido. "We know that Kurt doesn't drop the ball."

From left: Kurt Kaiser, Ewa Jodlowska, Meagan Sneeringer, Doug Napoleone, 

Hannes Hapke at The Multnomah Whiskey Library in Portland OR, PyCon 2016

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